Perhaps the most renowned historical !gure associated with ancient Rome is Gaius Julius Caesar (100 BCE–44 BCE), who is equally famous for his military achievements, including the Gallic Wars, and his assassination by the Senate. This work consists of a digni!ed head sculpture of Caesar from the Roman era, which was later expanded into a classical bust during the Renaissance. Based on the gaunt face, this bust likely represents a posthumous portrait of Caesar. The individual facial features are not rendered in detail, resulting in a dei!ed image known as the “Divus Julius” (divine Julius).